Species

Ilex opacaAmerican Holly

3 other cultivars

treeN. America Native

Greenleaf American Holly

Ilex opaca 'Greenleaf'

The Story

Plant Bio

Ilex opaca is a broadleaf evergreen tree native to the eastern United States, known for its iconic spiny, dark green leaves and bright red berries on female plants. It has a classic pyramidal shape.

'Greenleaf' is a superior female cultivar selected for its dense, conical form, exceptionally glossy dark green leaves, and its reliable, abundant production of large, vibrant red berries.

Uses & Benefits:

American Holly is a quintessential landscape tree, offering year-round beauty with its evergreen leaves and iconic red berries, which are famously used in holiday decorations. Its stately, pyramidal form creates a strong focal point.

It can be grown as a tall, dense screen or hedge that provides privacy and blocks wind and noise. The spiny leaves create an effective barrier.

It is a keystone species, providing critical food and shelter for wildlife. Over 18 species of birds, including bluebirds and mockingbirds, consume the berries. The flowers support native pollinators.

SpeciesIlex opacaAmerican Holly

Essentials

At a Glance

Plant Type

Tree

Height

420 inches

Width

210 inches

Light

Full Sun, Partial Sun

Zones

5, 6, 7, 8, 9

Water

Medium

Humidity

Average

Lifespan

Very long-lived evergreen tree

Native To

Eastern and South-Central United States

Toxicity

Berries are mildly toxic if ingested

Bloom period

Late spring

In flower about 1 month of the year

Planting

How to Grow

Select a site with acidic, moist, well-drained soil.
Dig a hole as deep as the root ball and twice as wide.
Gently place the tree in the hole, ensuring it is straight.
Ensure the top of the root ball is slightly above soil level.
Backfill with soil, water thoroughly to remove air pockets.
Mulch around the base, avoiding contact with the trunk.

Pro Tip

Protect from harsh winter winds, especially in the northern parts of its range, to prevent leaf scorch and desiccation.

Keep It Thriving

Care Guide

Do

Provide consistent moisture, especially during dry spells.
Use an acid-based fertilizer if leaves appear chlorotic (yellow).
Rake and remove fallen leaves to reduce disease potential.
Plant a male pollinator like Ilex opaca 'Jersey Knight' for berries.

Don't

Do not plant in alkaline or poorly drained soils.
Avoid planting in hot, dry, exposed sites.
Don't perform heavy pruning in late summer or fall.
Avoid damaging the bark with mowers or string trimmers.

Seasonal Care Calendar

Task	Jan	Feb	Mar	Apr	May	Jun	Jul	Aug	Sep	Oct	Nov	Dec
Mulch
Pest Check
Plant
Prune

Watch Out For

Pests & Diseases

Common Pests

Common Diseases

In the Garden

Landscape Uses & Companions

Landscape Uses

Stately evergreen specimen treeTall, impenetrable privacy hedgeWoodland garden backdrop

Companion Plants

Fothergilla gardenii Rhododendron catawbiense Kalmia latifolia Polystichum acrostichoides Vaccinium corymbosum

Multiply

Propagation Methods

Good to Know

Common Questions

Greenleaf American Holly questions

What zones can Greenleaf American Holly grow in?

Greenleaf American Holly is hardy in USDA Zones 5–9. Inside that range it survives winter in the ground; outside it, grow it as an annual or a container plant you protect.

Is Greenleaf American Holly deer resistant?

Yes — Greenleaf American Holly is rated deer-resistant. Deer typically pass it over, though extreme hunger can override any plant's defenses.

When does Greenleaf American Holly bloom?

Greenleaf American Holly typically blooms in late spring through late spring. Exact timing shifts a week or two with your zone — Sow's bloom calendar maps it to your garden.

Does Greenleaf American Holly need full sun?

Greenleaf American Holly does best in full sun to part shade. In hot climates, afternoon shade keeps blooms fresher longer.